None. No nitroglycerin means no NG headaches and no risk of toxic skin absorption during handling.
Contains nitroglycerin. Absorbed through skin during handling, causing severe headaches in workers.
Highly resistant to impact, friction, and fire. Dramatically safer to handle, transport, and store on site.
Sensitive to impact, shock, and heat. Greater risk during shipping, storage, and site handling.
Significantly less toxic CO and NOx after each blast. Near-immediate re-entry in tunnel operations — no ventilation delay.
Higher toxic fume output after detonation. Re-entry delays reduce productivity and increase shift times.
Excellent water resistance. Performs reliably in wet and flooded boreholes with no degradation.
Performance deteriorates in wet conditions. Unreliable in flooded or high-moisture boreholes.
Minimises hole-to-hole propagation. Better delay sequence control, reduced vibration and flyrock.
Higher sensitivity increases risk of unintended propagation between adjacent holes, disrupting delay sequences.
More efficient fragmentation allows wider hole spacing, reducing drilling costs. Faster work cycles improve productivity per shift.
Less efficient fragmentation. Re-entry delays and safety overheads add time and cost to every shift.